| (4.1) | Cæsar after describing his forcing the passage of the Thames, now known to have been at the Brentford shallows, refers to the fields and cattle of the inhabitants. See previous Ch. on The Catuvellauni: and D.B.G. v. 19. |
| (4.2) |
The precise distinction between a Colonia, Municipium, and Prefectura is obscure. In any case, as soon as a
community received the full franchise, it gained therewith the right of electing its own magistrates and ceased to be a
Prefectura. See Colonia. D of Antiquities. 483. ‘Existimamus meliore conditione esse Coloniæ quam Municipia.’ Gellius xv. 13. |
| (5.1) | Built towards the end of the third century to prevent the landing of Saxon marauders. The extent of this castellery or pagus appears to be that of the subsequent Saxon Hundred of Dengie. See map to Parish Churches on Sites of R.B. Chapels. Montagu Sharpe. |
| (5.2) | There are reasons for concluding that the Civitas was in later years extended to the South of the Thames as far as the Surrey hills, and to the river Cray in Kent. This portion of the Londinium state was annexed to Kentland by the Saxons. A.D. 457. |
| (5.3) | Gaius 11. 7 |
| (5.4) | The harsh measures of the Procurator Catus Decianus helped to raise the insurrection under Boadicea described supra. He was succeeded as Procurator by Julius Classicianus. See Procurator D. of Antiq. The British complained that whilst formerly they had one King for each tribe, two were now imposed—the governor who tyrannized over their lives, and the procurator over their property.—Tacitus Agr. 15. |
| (5.5) | Aristides. A.D. 160. |
| (5.6) | Grom. Vet. 114. |
| (6.1) | “A decumano maximo quintus quisque spatio itineris ampliaretur.” Grom Vet. 175. |
| (6.2) | See illustrations of Botontini on front page. |
| (6.3) | It appeared when drawing the map that every district consisted of two separated parts, and so each part has been marked as a pagus—eight in all, one lying in detached portions.—See Map at end. |
| (8.1) | “Roman roads were often made the boundary between parishes and townships; and boundaries follow roads which are certainly Roman for many miles together.” Roman Roads in Britain. Codrington 37. |
| (8.2) | Agrimensores. D. of Antiquities.—Life in the Roman World—Tucker 402. |
| (9.1) | These measurements were kindly undertaken by Mr. Osmund Pownall, deputy County Surveyor for Middlesex. The striking recurrence of these intervals led the writer to learn the cause and to seek particulars of Roman land surveying from the writings of the Gromatici Veteres collected by Lachman. Berlin 1848. |
| (9.2) | It contained 25 centuria. Grom. Vet. 158. As containing 1300 j it was known as a Possessa. Idem. 110. |
| (9.3) | “Quintarios antem et subruncivos … patentes non minus tamen quam qua vehiculo iter agit possit. Grom. Vet. 120. |
| (9.4) | Via. D. of Antiquities. |
| (10.1) | “In quibusdam regionibus cum limites late patere juberunt modus eorum limitum in adsignationem non venit.” Grom. Vet. 120. |
| (10.2) | Hence the repair of a highway ‘ratione tenuræ,’ an obligation recently, if not still existing in some parts of England. New roads are made up on this principle at the cost of the frontagers. On the presumed ownership of a highway the M.R. stated “it is a well settled rule of construction where there is a conveyance of land … if it is said to be bounded on one side by a public thoroughfare, then half of the road passes unless there is enough in the instrument … to show that such is not the intention of the parties’’ … Times’ Reports, 27th Feb., 1911. |
| (10.3) | The amount ploughed by a team of oxen in one day. Plin. xviii. 9. |
| (10.4) | If, as in the Parish common field, each half acre had balks surrounding it, then 13 paths were requisite and with a corresponding reduction in width. |
| (11.1) | Where two or more centuriæ were in one occupation, or otherwise when this provision for ways, lanes, and balks was not required, it was reckoned as forming part of the adjoining land. |
| (11.2) | Grom. Vet. 247. |
| (11.3) | Agr. Leges. D. of Antiquities, Smith.—Grom. Vet. 201–2. 369— |
| (12.1) | There are upwards of 415 individual holdings in virgates, and 448 in half virgates mentioned in the Domesday Survey of Middlesex. |
| (12.2) | Cart. Sax. Birch 460—c.f. ‘Aker’ a field; ‘akerlond,’ cultivated land; ‘akerman,’ a husbandman. Dict. Archaic words. Halliwell. |
| (12.3) | Roman Measures in the Domesday Survey of Middlesex, Montagu Sharpe.—See also next chapter. |
| (12.4) | Eng. Village Community. 1905. Edn. Ch. II. Seebohm. |
| (13.1) |
The constant reference by writers, who apparently had not carried out any actual measurements, to the larger
centuria of 200 jugera in use during the later Empire, and subsequent to the settlement of the
Londinium Civitas, and of other parts of Britain, led the writer to fruitlessly expend much time in endeavouring to make
it agree with the Roman Survey marks remaining in Middlesex. But this difficulty ceased when the laterculus or
original centuria of 50 jugera was used.
Investigations in Essex, Hants, Kent. and around York, Lincoln, Silchester, etc., all tell the same tale, viz.: that in Britain the Roman surveyors had worked with the small centuria of 100 square actus or 50 jugera. |
| (14.1) | Celt Roman and Saxon. Wright. 335.—c.f., Companion to Roman Studies. Sandys. ch. IV. Religion. |
| (14.2) | Jour. Roman Studies. I. 151. |
| (14.3) | Much in the same way the Royal Arms displayed in Churches indicated the Royal Supremacy in the State Ecclesiastical and Spiritual. N. & Q. 10th S. VI. 53 and 11th S. II. 429. |
| (15.1) | The village compitum is thus mentioned amongst other boundary land marks “… versus ad locum illum et inde ad compitum illius …” Grom. Vet. 114. |
| (15.2) | Oscilla. On the festival of the Lares masks were hung in the compitum and at the cross ways, so many representing the freemen and some the slaves, so that the gods may be content with the images, and spare the living.—Dict. of Antiquities. |
| (15.3) | Roman Festivals. Fowler—c.f. Religious Experiences of the Roman People. 1188. 308. idem. |
| (15.4) | As regards ‘refreshments’ in the compita, the early English churches were also used for non religious purposes, and were as Mr. AddeySidney Oldall Addy states ‘‘the centrepieces of the old social life.” He instances some secular uses which in various places lingered on until the middle ages, such as banqueting, drinking, dancing, the holding of councils, courts, markets and inquisitions. The Evolution of the English House. ch. X. |
| (16.1) | The domestic Ambarvalia was also held at this time, when a procession of the victims, ox, sheep and pig were driven thrice round the crops on the farm holding, ending with their sacrifice. Prayers were also offered for the protection of the husbandman, his arable and pasture land.—Comp. Latin Studies 151 S. 209. |
| (16.2) |
He was an official annually appointed and endowed with priestly functions having to attend not only to the sacred
rites of his pagus, but with the assistance of a council to local administrative duties in connection with the
roads, water supplies and police.—Pages. Dict. of Antiquities. Smith.
The State officials were not a theological caste, but only secular servants of the community administering the regulations for external worship. Life in the Roman World. Tucker. 370. |
| (16.3) | Grom. Vet. 164. |
| (16.4) | Rogation Days. Brand’s Pop. Antq. and Folklore. |
| (17.1) | Brand’s Pop. Antiquities II. 476 and 522.—Gibson’s Codex. Hist. Fulham. Faulkner. |
| (17.2) | In Edmonton the ‘Rowan tree’ upon an Agrimensorial line, possibly marks an ancient sacra, also visited during Rogation days. Similar and numerous instances within the London Civitas, but now part of Herts, are—Goff’s Oak: Tried Oak: Cross Oak: Burnt Oak: Cobb’s Ash: and Elstree. Whatever their use in medieval times, it must be remembered that trees were inter alia used as land marks by the Roman Surveyors. Grom Vet. 41. 270. |
| (17.3) | Grom Vet. 302. See diagram of Grove to Silvanus. |
| (17.4) | Idem. 110. 158. |
| (17.5) | Mrs. Humphrey Ward. |
| (18.1) | Sermo 41 and 46. S. Augustinus (Bp. of Hippo.) noted in Cod. Theo. xvi. Edn. by Godefroy p. 276. |
| (18.2) | See map at end. |
| (18.3) | Celt, Roman and Saxon, ch. x.—Roman Era in Britain. Ward, ch. vi., vii. |
| (18.4) | Agricultura (Leporaria). D. of Antq. |
| (18.5) | The medieval builder has utilised large quantities of these altars while many more have been broken up from the belief that they were connected with enchantment which could only be destroyed by their disappearance. But “the great number of these monuments which still exist shows beyond doubt how very numerous they must have been.”—Celt Roman and Saxon. Wright. 313.—England before the Conquest. Oman 107.—Witchcraft.—Brand’s Antiquities.—Roman Era in Britain. Ch. vi. |
| (19.1) |
Terminalia. This festival was kept in February, in honour of Terminus the protector of boundaries.
His statue was a stone or post marking a farm boundary and which on this festival was garlanded by the cultivators of
the adjoining lands, each on his side of the stone, and the offerings were double. For particulars of the ceremonies,
see Dict. of Antiquities, Smith,—also Religious Exp. of the Roman People. Fowler. 34. 82. Grom Vet. 57.
Vestalia. These rites were observed in June when houses and barns were cleansed, and the rubbish burned. Hence it is supposed arose the kindling of midsummer bonfires, a practice only recently become extinct. Brand’s Pop. Antq. 1905. Vol. II. St. John. 306. Neptunalia. This festival, in celebration of the deities of springs and wells, was observed in July when feastings took place in huts made with leafy boughs. See reference to this practice at pagan fana in a letter from Pope Gregory to Mellitus. The presence of yew trees in churchyards, affording excellent protection for religious excursions, may have originated from this custom. (Vide infra note 2 p. 20) ‘Well worship’ was prohibited by Edgar and Canute, but in many places the custom of decorating wells with boughs and flowers on Holy Thursday and occasionally accompanied with prayers and psalms long continued.—Holy Thursday. Brand’s Pop. Antq, I. 321.—The Antiquary. 1890. Saturnalia. The festival of Saturn, the god of agriculture and civilised life was celebrated in December as a sort of joyous harvest home. Many of the peculiar customs exhibited a remarkable resemblance to the sports of our own Christmas.—Dict. Antiquities, Smith. |
| (19.2) | Feriæ. Dic. Antiquities. Smith. |
| (19.3) | De Paganis Sacrificiis et Templis. 16 Cod. Theo. X.—A.D. 321 to 426. |
| (20.1) | As late as the 11th Century Canute forbad the worship of stones, trees, fountains and heavenly bodies, which shows that the old pagan beliefs reinforced by Saxon heathendom were not extinguished. For centuries later the ghosts of these old superstitions lingered around their accustomed haunts under the names of elves, pixies and brownies, or have survived in curious rural customs, of which at least thirty seem to have originated in Romano-British days. They are described in the pages of Brand’s Antiquities. |
| (20.2) | The ‘boughs of trees.’ The planting of Yew trees around Churches may have arisen from this permission. The spreading boughs of the evergreen would afford convenient protection in all weathers. |
| (20.3) | Kemble when describing the two ways in which parish Churches originated, and after referring to the many Churches erected by owners of property, states that the greater number had probably a very different origin. In all likelihood every mark had its religious establishment its fanum, delubrum, or sacellum. … A well grounded plan of turning the religio loci to account was acted upon by all the missionaries, and that wherever a substantial building was found in existence, it was taken possession of for the behoof of the new religion. Nothing could be more natural than the establishment in every mark that adopted Christianity, and that the adoption of one creed for the other, not only did not require the abolition of the old machinery, but would be much facilitated by retaining it.—The Saxons in England. II. Ch. 9. |
| (21.1) | In Essex, which formed a portion of the London Civitas, the walls of over 35 parish churches contain Roman materials, which points to the number of substantial Romano-British habitations then in ruins forming a quarry for materials. |
| (21.2) | These wooden buildings would soon decay and disappear, but from time to time discoveries are made of the remains of houses of a better class, which had foundations of brick or stone, their superstructure being only of timber. As the owners of these country houses or villas usually possessed some local influence as well as power over the tillers of the soil, they were driven forth or slain by the Saxons, and their houses generally burnt, but the foundations remained covered by ashes and debris, until mother earth hid the tragedy in her bosom. |
| (22.1) | Grom Vet. 112. 201. |
| (22.2) | Those who rented the Imperial vectigal lands must have also possessed this right as appurtenant to their holdings, though perhaps a small charge was made for its enjoyment.—See Agrariæ Leges, also Scriptura. Dict. of Antq. also Grom Vet. 48, 202, 369. |
| (23.1) | Jr. R. Studies II. 157. |
| (23.2) | Much in the same way the Societies (publicani) who farmed the State revenues in the Senatorial provinces, either let the vectigal lands, or worked them through local agents. (mancipes). |
| (23.3) | Provincia. D. of Antiq. 509–12. |
| (23.4) | D. Hidation Middx. Home C. Mag. III. 232. |
| (23.5) | The Roman names are unknown : Those given on the map are merely for the purpose of reference. |
| (23.6) | The Western half of Osulvestane was up to recent times known as Finsbury and Wenlaxbarne. |
| (24.1) | The views of 16 writers are summed up in a note p. 105, ch. v. Stubb’s Const. Hist. |
| (24.2) | Grom Vet. 113. |
| (24.3) | Cod. Theo. xi. 7. 2. Rescript to the Vicar of Britain. “Unusquisque decurio per ea portione conveniatur in qua vel ipse, vel colonus, vel tributarius ejus convenitur et colligit.” A.D. 319. ‘They were legally obliged to make good any deficiency in the Imperial taxes of their district if caused by their misconduct as tax collectors. Decumæ. D. of Antq. 607. |
| (25.1) | See quotation from Walafrid Strabo writing early in the 9th century, given in The Saxons in Eng.. Kemble. II. 428. |
| (25.2) | Pagus. D. of Antiq. |
| (25.3) | The number was fixed by the constitution creating the Civitas. |
| (25.4) | The geld figures in the Middlesex Domesday are mostly on the bases of 5 and 10 geld hide assessments. Out of the 55 land holdings of varying size, in twenty-two instances it is either 5 or its multiple up to 55, and in 18 from 10 up to 100 geld hides. Originally they must all have been in decimal numbers. |
| (25.5) | As the hold of the Romans over Britain became stronger, probably much of the arable land originally given to the natives became subject to vectigal. In this calculation it is treated as a negligible quantity. |
| (25.6) | A source of vectigal, known as scriptura, was an early charge levied upon cattle grazing in the woods and wastes. “Even in the provinces the scriptura disappears under the empire, the Emperors taking to themselves the nearly exclusive management and even use of the pascua.” Cod. Theo. de Pasc. Also Scriptura. D. of Antiq. |
| (26.1) | These will be dealt with in the next chapter. |
| (26.2) | Feudal Eng. H. Round pp. 45-93, 233. |
| (27.1) | The rent might be in a fixed proportion to the produce e.g. one tenth of the corn, hay or agricultural yield. Agrariæ Leges. Decumæ, and see generally Colonatus. Emphyteusis. Provincia. and Vectigalis. D. of Antiq. |
| (27.2) |
Constantius in his rescript to Pacatianus, Vicar of Britain, in A.D. 319, refers to the decurio, colonus and
tributarius in Britain generally. Cod Theo. xi. 7. 2. See Note 3. p 24. Supra. “Tributariæ sunt ea quæ in his provinciis sunt qua propriæ Cæsaris esse creduntur ” Gaius II. 21. See also under headings, Colonatus. Provincia. Tributum. Vectigalis.—D. of Antiq. |
| (27.3) | Theodosius about A.D. 368 having defeated the Picts and Scots in the neighbourhood of Londinium recovered the booty taken from the tributarii. “Quam tributarii perdidere miserrimi.” A. Marcellinus. xxvii. 8. 7. |
| (28.1) | Agricultura (Leporaria) D. of Antq. p. 81. |
| (28.2) | The irregular courses of the roads and bounds in the Chiltern district, indicate that it had been returned or left in the possession of the natives, who through the Roman occupation remained more or less a distinct people. Afterwards in the Saxon period they were known as the Chiltensetna, or settlers on the Chiltern hills, and “who were ultimately lost in the West Saxons.” Green. The Making of England I. 176–9. |
| (29.1) | De Paganis Sacrificiis et Templis. Cod. Theo. 16. 10. |
| (29.2) | At this date the Bishop of London held 20,250 acres in 10 properties. |
| (29.3) | The Saxons in Eng. Kemble 1. 306. |
| (30.1) | The names of these aneient pagi are unknown, those here used are merely the purpose of convenient reference. |
| (31.1) | In ancient times ‘Bordestone’ from a border or boundary stone—mentioned by the Lord of that Manor, in a parochial document, 1790, and now in Hanwell Church. |
| (31.2) |
Perhaps it was then— ‘Notæ per arcadias felici robore silvas Quercus erat, triviae quam de sacraverat ipsa.’ Statius. Theb. 9 v. 585. |
| (31.3) | For description of this ancient ford and its extensive defence works see, Antiquities of Middx. pp. 18–40.—Arch. Jour. 63 No. 249. The remains of many more stakes have been found in the bed of the river since the above articles were written in 1906. |
| (32.1) | Antiquities of Middx. Ch. VI. |
| (32.2) | By St. James’ Park Station. See ‘Builder’ 22 Dec. 1911. |
| (33.1) | Antiquities of Middx. Ch. IV. |
| (33.2) | See Note 2 p. 31 supra. Alternatively this oak, like that at Harefleld which was also upon a survey line, was therefore a well known land mark, and a place where the people would meet. As to boundary trees, see Agrimetatio. p. 90. D. of Antq. |
| (33.3) | See illustrations of these two botontini. |
| (34.1) | Totyngton, which says Lysons was the earliest form of the name of Teddington, must have taken its name from this ‘tothill’ or mound. |
| (34.2) | The County boundary on the W. is marked in places by the Bigley and Boundary ditches through which in A.D. 886 an arm of the Colne was evidently flowing. At Staines, Laleham and Shepperton, portions of Middx. lie on the Surrey side of the Thames: and vice versa in other reaches with parts of Surrey, showing that the river has cut new channels since that date. |
| (35.1) | Boundary crosses are occasionally met with. They were used as ‘March-marks’ to indicate the division of the Church or other lands. As such they are mentioned as early as A.D. 528.—Reliquary July 1896. In Saxon times the Manor of Hayes belonged to the See of Canterbury. |
| (35.2) | A plate of this camp is given in Itinerarium Curiosum, Stukeley. |
| (36.1) | See. Forests of Middx., also Agricultura (Leporaria). D. of Anquities. p. 81. |
| (37.1) | Antiquities of Middx. Addenda.—Arch. Journal LXIII. No. 249. |
| (38.1) | About quarter mile S. of the present edifice which adjoins the ruins of the second Church. |
| (38.2) | A British entrenchment previously existed here, now Stanmore. |
| (39.1) | See Note 1. p. 35. Supra. |
| (39.2) | Within the great park parcus extrinsecus lay this enclosure. C.L. 19 Ed. II. m. 16. See also The Forests of Middx. p. 8. |